THE HEART OF PHARAOH Parashat Bo, Exodus 10:1–13:16 Rabbi Akiva used to say … “All is foreseen, yet free choice is given.”6 The Lord commands Pharaoh to let the children of Israel go, but he hardens Pharaoh’s heart so that he refuses to let them go (Exod. 10:20). This paradox has puzzled readers of Exodus since the earliest times. God desires to deliver his people from Egypt, but he ensures that the king of Egypt will not release them. Furthermore, God judges Pharaoh and his whole nation for keeping
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